A Spectroscopic
and FTIR analysis of Siddha Mineral drug Appalakara Chooranam
Thavakeethan.P1,
Manokaran.A2
1.
PG Scholar, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC,
Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
2.
Professor &HOD, Department of PothuMaruthuvam,
GSMC, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
Abstract
Background: The Siddha system of medicine is one among part of the AYUSH system.The siddha medicine is using
various clinical conditions,especially
in degenerative diseases and gastro intestinal disorders .Almost it has
prepared the medicines from Herbals ,Minerals salts and Metalsas well as the
marine and animals products also used in the system. The drug
Appalakarachooraranam is basically salt in taste and crystal powder in nature
which is widely used in siddha medicine for Gastro –intestinal disorders.
Objective: To explore the
morphology and elemental characterization of the mineral salt Appalakarachooranam
Methods: The structural
morphology and characteristic features using in SEM, determination of trace
elements by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Functional Group through FTIRstudy.
It can be correlated in WHO recommended parameters for confirmed the
standardizations in above drug.
Results: The
resultscorrelated in SEM analysis showed Average Particle Size ranges from 296
μm to 2792 μm.In FTIR studies should markedly increase value from 3462.22 to
3695.61 respectively, which is indicated its contains most of them in Phenolic
compound,Halo compound and Isothiocyanate.In EDAX experiment results showed
most of them contains Sodium&Potassium.
Conclusion: All the modern
scientific parameters provide it is minimal size particals and good
characteristic nature of the drug. SoAppalakarachooranam is highly
therapeutic and bio availability value used cured in gastro intestinal tract
diseases.
Keywords: Siddha Medicine, Appalakarachooranam,
Sodium Carbonate
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO)
is estimated that 80% of populations were used traditional medicinesin
developing countries for primary health care needs (WHO Guidelines-2007). In
that way, Siddha medicine has profound vitalrole in disease, prevention and
prophylaxis through its herbal medicine and other form of medicine like chendooram,
Parpam and other 32 types ofpreparation (Thiyagarajan.R-2006).
The standardization of drug and
clinical efficacy of study inAppalakarachooranam(Kandasamypillai.S- 2012), here
performed the Spectrocopic standardization of appalakarachoornam, which is
collected from coastal area. The spectroscopic standardization Scanning
electron microscoping, Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectrometric analysis and Infra-red
(FTIR) studies were used and results was documented.
The spectroscopic standardization
to help thereducing the adulteration and definitely helps to understand the
characterization of selectedingredients. Modernparameters are very useful to find
outthe drug adulteration andmisidentification. The unidentified chemical
compounds, physiochemical compounds were produced hazards to human
health.so,Indian system of medicine is needed to standardization.so, saint
siddhars were used purification methods
(sutthimurigal) in ancient periods, The structural standardization will proved
via spectroscopic studies and FTIR analysis. As per guidelines of WHOand AYUSH insisted the
guidelines for quality control to better standardization of the drugs as
pertain to Pharmacopeia Laboratory of Indian Medicine (PLIM)
The Systematic steps should be taken to standardization
of traditional drugs by using modern technique like SEM, EDAXand FTIR etc.
Materials and Methods
TheAppalakaram(Sodium carbonate) is available in
three varieties of carbonates. The drug applakkaram is mentioned
Gunapadamthathujeevavaguppu in siddha text.Theapplakkaram was collected from
Madurai siddha traditional medical shop. The collected drug is experimental for
modern diagnostic analysis.Applakaram was confirmed by siddha pharmacologist.
Review
and litterature
In siddha text “Gunapadamthathujeevavakuppu” page
no. 368 is mentioned the indication of applakarachoornam.
பொதுக்குணம்
“குடல்வாதஞ் சூலை கொடிதான
வாதம்
அடல்புரியு மைய
மடுக்கும்-நெடுவயிற்றின்
உப்புசத்தி னோட உயர்குன்ம
நோயகற்று
மப்பளக் காரமது.”
Constituents
of appalakaram(Sodium carbonate):
Based
on literature review, chemically it consists of Sodium bicarbonate reduced hyperchlohyderia,
GERD and acid peptic disorders.so, the clinical drug is acted in good antacid. (WebMD
- Sodium bicarbonate)
Physio chemical characters of
appalakaram(Sodium carbonate):
It occurs in porous
granular masses of a greyish white in colour orheavy hard pieces with a strong
alkaline taste of soda.It is an antacid and a diuretic(WebMD – Sodium
bicarbonate). The Properties ofIndhuppu (rock
salt) generally like those of Appalakaram. Rock salt is useful for dyspepsia,
vomiting, diarrhoea,flautulence and urinary disease etc (In siddha text Thiyagarajan.R2006
andBellisola G, Sorio C. 2012).This is mentioned in classical text book (“Gunapadamthathujeevavakuppu”
page no. 371)in below lines,
பொதுக் குணம்
“அட்டகுன்ம மந்தம் அசிர்க்கரஞ்சூர்
சீதபித்தந்
துட்டவையம் நாடிப்புண்
டோடங்கள்-கெட்டமலக்
கட்டுவிட விந்தையக் காமியநோய்
வன்கரப்பான்
விட்டுவிட விந்துப்பை விள்.”
Scanning electron microscopic study (SEM)
Scanning electron microscopy is a
complementary technique and shows the nature of Appalakarachooranam and its
particle size.Sample for SEM analysis were mounted on the specimen stub using
carbon adhesive sheet. Small sample were mounted with 1sq. cm glass slide And
kept in carbon adhesive sheet (Yashvanth.S et al 2013) Samples were coated with
gold to a thickness of 100 AO using Hitachi vacuum evaporator. Coated sample
were analyzed in a Hitachi Scanning electron Microscope 3000 H model. Then the
electronic image was captured and noted.
Elemental analysis by EDAX
EDAX is a non destructive technique
and can be used for evaluvation in physiochemical properties of ApplakaraChoornam.
This is very useful for the characterize crystalsof traceelements inAppalakaraChooranam
(AKC). The Small pieces of salt of (3-4 mm) and 5-6mm2 pieces of salt were
fixed in 4% glutraldehyde in phosphate buffer (Viz PH value 0.02 M, 6.9 M
respectively). The sample was air dried and coated with gold in Hitachi HUS-5
GB Vacuum evaporator. SEM-EDAX analysis was carried out using INCA X-sight
Oxford detector fitted to Hitachi S-520 Scanning Electron (Tortoriello.J et al
– 2006) Microscope at an acceleration voltage of 20 KV.
Fourier Transform – Infra
Red Spectroscopy Study (FTIR)
IR data acquired with
Spectrum one FT-IR Spectrometer by means of KBr Pellet was used,. about 1/8th
of the solid powder of Appalakarachooranam was taken on a microspatula and about
0.25-0.50 teaspoons of KBr was added and thoroughly ground in an agate mortar with
the pestle until AKC.The sample was pressed at 5000-10,000 psi and the sample
was removed carefully from the die and placed in the FTIR sample holder
(Tortoriello.J et al 2006) The computer was turned on and the software was
launched and certain fine details of the working method were done. The sample
was placed on Zn,Sel crystal with a spatula until the pressure marker noted.
Results and Discussion
The results of Scanning electron
microscope in two different view and EDAX Trace elements profile & FT-IR
data has compiled as follows.
Scanning Electron Microscope
Analysis
The SEM (Fig.No.1 a)under
1.00 KX resolutions and the examining area of 800x800μm and 2 surface were
taken. The
surface of the AKC grains is uniformly arranged in agglomerates. Particle Size of
the desired drug particle ranges from 3μm to 1613 μm in 2 μm(Figure 1 b).
Figure. 1 SEM image and plotting diagram
of Appalakarachooranam in 2μm
In 100mu view, the
surface of the sample grains is uniformly agglomerates. Particle Size ranges
from Particle Size of the desired drug particle ranges from 296μm to 2792 μm.
(Figure. 2 a &b) SEM image and
plotting diagram of Appalakarachooranam in 20μm
Elemental Quantification of Appalakarachooranam
by EDAX
The elemental quantification of Appalakarachooranam was
carried by the SEM-EDAX methods.The overall trace
elements like Sodium,potassium, Chlorine and oxygen viz35.59%, 30.29%, 18.07,
30.29% respectively.
Identification of trance elements
through EDAX
Graphical representation of EDAX Profile
Fig. No 4
FTIR Spectra of AppalakaraChooranam
Fig.
No 5
Table 1.FTIR observed Peak value ofAppalakarachooranam
Wave number (cm-1) |
Intensity of the bond |
Functional groups |
|
3695.61 |
O-H stretching |
variable |
alcohol |
3462.22 |
O-H stretching |
Variable |
intermolecular bonded |
2520.96 |
C-H streching |
Medium |
Alkene |
2380.16 |
N-H stretching |
Strong |
amine salt |
2254.79 |
-C≡Nstretching |
Weak |
nitrile |
2108.20 |
N=C=S stretching |
Strong |
Isothiocyanate |
1635.64 |
C=C stretching |
Medium |
Alkene |
1460.11 |
C-H bending |
Medium |
Alkane |
1336.67 |
O-H bending |
medium |
Phenolic
compound |
916.19 |
C=C bending |
Strong |
Alkene |
877.61 |
aromatic
C-H bending |
medium |
Alkane |
850.61 |
C-Cl stretching |
Strong |
halo compound |
615.29 |
C-Br stretching |
Strong |
halo compound (alkyl) |
538.14 |
C-Br bending |
Week |
Alkyl |
In FT-IR Spectra analysis, the values
are recorded in table no 1.The peak value is 3462.22 to 3695.61 onO-H stretching, 2520.96 has C-H stretching, 2380.16
has N-H stretching, 2254.79 has -C≡Nstretching, 2108.20
has N=C=S stretching, 1635.64 has C=C stretching, 1460.11 has C-H bending, 1336.67
has O-H bending. Thus the corresponding peak
valuehas separate functional groups viz Alcohol, Alkene, Amine salt, nitrates, Isothyiocyante,
Alkenes, and Phenolic compound etc.
Conclusion
In
Siddha System of medicine is bioeffective and safe therapeutic potentials of
AKC. On the line, the drug Appalakarachooranam lies on the track and the above
data showed that the spectroscopic standardization of the AKC. Final conclusion
is FTIR, EDAX and SEM analytical studies showed no harmful chemicals and
minerals etc.so,applakarrachoornam is safe to use in long period. Thefurther
research works has to be carried out for the development of scientific data to
hold the drug in a scientific manner.
References
1.
WHO
guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to
contaminants and residues, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007.
2.
Thiyagarajan.R,
Siddha MateriaMedica- Mineral& Animal section, Dept of Indian Medicine and
Homeopathy, Chennai, Govt of Tamilnadu, 2006, 686-88
3.
Singh A,
Duggal S. Piperine Review of Advances in Pharmacology, Inter. J. Pharma. Sci.
Nanotech 2009; 2: 615-20
4.
Kandasamypillai.S,
History of Siddha Medicine, Published by:Deptartments of IM&H, Chennai –
106, Edition : 2012; 13
5.
Thiyakarajan.R,
GunapadamThathuJeevavaguppu, 2st Edition, Published by Department of
Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, 2016.
6.
Krishnan,
K.S., 1998. The wealth of India. Raw Mater. 10:
171-171.
7. Bellisola G, Sorio C. Infrared
spectroscopy and microscopy in cancer research and diagnosis. Am J Cancer Res
2012; 2:1-21. 9.
8.
Yashvanth
S, Shobha Rani S, Madhavendra SS. Micro Chemical (Elemental) Analysis of Leucasaspera(Wild)
Link Employing SEM-EDAX. Internationa Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Drug Research 2013; 5 (1): 32-35.
9.
Tortoriello
J, Maribel HR, Cortazar MG, Ferrer EJ, Zamilpa A, Alvar L, Ramirez G, et al.
Anxiolytic effects of natural galphimines from Galphimiaglaucaand their
chemical derivatives. J Nat Prod 2006; 69: 59-61.
10.
WebMD (
Sodium bicarbonate )